The objective is to design a plant from raw material to product for the production of aniline by direct amination of benzene. The current production route of nitric acid is known as the ostwald process and has been used for nearly a century. Manufacturing of nitric acid by ostwald process nitric acid is a colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates. Co 2 and dust free air is heated in an arc furnace at 3000 o c. The production of nitric acid takes place in 3 process. Nitric acid concentration process for many purposes, 55 to 60% nitric acid is satisfactory. N2o emissions and nitric acid production process n2o emissions from nitric acid are a byproduct of the process stream and therefore characterized as industrial process. Processes with different raw materials are used in the manufacture of phosphoric acid. All three processes have their place in nitric acid plant design, depending on strategic goals and other factors. Another use for nitric acid is in the oxidation process for the manufacture of adipic acid ho 2 cch 2 ch 2 ch 2 ch 2 co 2 h that is a dicarboxylic acid used in the production of nylon. Sulfuric acid also known as oil of vitriol, battery acid, and king of chemicals produced using contact process used in the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives, dyes, petroleum products.
Process analysis and plant design for manufacturing of nitric acid. Varying the pressure not only extends catalyst life, but also keeps the nitric acid concentration low as it exits the condenser, fostering its absorption into water. However, the fuel has to react completely with free oxygen present in the waste gas 14 vol. For these processes acid strengths of 5565% hno 3 by weight socalled dilute acid. Nitric acid production by the oxidation of ammonia on platinum gauzes constitutes one of the worlds major chemical industries. The process is known as thermal when the raw material is elemental phosphorus. The process design is started on a conceptual level and ended on a. Ammonia is oxidized with air to extract the product along with water in the presence of a catalyst. Understanding the 3 different nitric acid production.
This process has been abandoned because of the amount of energy which is needed. The ostwald process is a chemical process used for making nitric acid hno 3. Nitric acid, nitrous acid, and nitrogen oxides thiemann major. In this article the author outlines some of the principal features of this process, and describes in some detail the chemical reaction taking place at the platinum surface. A process is described for producing nitric acid involving oxidizing ammonia gas to form dinitrogen tetroxide gas, reacting the dinitrogen tetroxide with water in an absorption zone to form aqueous nitric acid and nitric oxide gas, removing a nitric acid nitric oxide stream from the absorption zone and feeding the stream into a nitric acid bleaching zone, removing impurities from the nitric. Production of nitric acid commercially nitric acid is made from ammonia in a threestep process known as the ostwald process. Nitric acid manufacture vapor, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Calculating n2o emissions from the production of nitric. Best available techniques for pollution prevention and control in the european fertilizer industry. The following text provides more specific details for each of these processes.
They cover the production processes of the following products. Birkeland and eyde process or arc process, ostwald method. This process is based upon the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen by atmospheric oxygen to nitric oxide with a very high temperature electric arc. In this article the author outlines some of the principal features of this process, and describes in some detail the chemical reaction. The austenitic stainless steels must be of the stabilized type 347, type 321 or lowcarbon type 304l variety because nitric acid. Pdf process flow diagram for production of nitric acid. Process basis process basis ammonia is reacted with air on platinumrhodium alloy catalysts in the oxidation section of nitric acid plants. By far, the major source of nitrogen oxides no x is the tailgas from the acid absorption tower. Prosimplus hno3 simulation and optimization of nitric. Alternative control techniques document nitric and adipic. The processes that use phosphated minerals which are decomposed with an acid. It is these gases which are visible as a redbrown plume. The manufacture of nitric acid the role of platinum alloy gauzes in the ammonia oxidation process by h. The absorption tower, common to all ammoniaoxidation nitric acid production.
The industrial production of nitric acid by the ostwald process is described in this section. Some 99% acid is required for the manufacture of, for example. Sigmaaldrich offers a number of nitric acid products. This sectoral guideline covers process related n 2 o nitrous oxide emissions from the production of nitric acid. Uses of nitric acid what are the uses of nitric acid. In 1991, there were approximately 65 nitric acid hno manufacturing plants in the u. Production processes is, however, still used as feedstock for nitric acid production. Prosimplus hno3 is a process engineering tool specifically designed to model nitric acid production plants and nitrous vapors absorption units. The ammoniaoxidation process is the most commonly used process for producing weak 50 to 70 percent nitric acid. This may be nitric, hydrochloric or sulphuric but this booklet is concerned only with processes using the sulphuric acid route since this is the process normally used in the production of fertilizers in europe. The fertilizer industry uses weak nitric acid in the range of 50 to 65% strength and thus the high concentration above 70% weight nitric acid production process is not included.
Figure 3 process flow diagram for highstrength nitric acid production from weak nitric acid source. The purpose of this simulation was to observe the thermodynamic properties of the process. Pdf on sep 29, 2017, shivam pandya and others published nitric acid plant design find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. In general, the process for nitric acid manufacture consists of preheating the air, mixing it with ammonia gas, passing it over a platinum catalyst, extracting the heat produced from this reaction by using it to preheat the incoming air and then cooling further, adding secondary air and then absorbing the nitrogen dioxide. One of the largest producers of dilute nitric acid 60% in india with an installed capacity of 6,93,000 mtpa, dfpcl incorporates internationally renowned knowhow and. Concentrated nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing acid and nitrating agent but, for the most part, is amenable to production, handling, and storage in stainless steels. Oxidation takes place in the free space between the. Technical support document for the nitric acid production. Proposed rule for mandatory reporting of greenhouse gases. Industrial production nitric acid is made by the oxidation of ammonia, using platinum or platinum10% rhodium as catalyst, followed by the reaction of the resulting nitrogen oxides with water. The industrial production of nitric acid from atmospheric air began in 1905 with the birkelandeyde process, also known as the arc process. However, for nitrations and other applications a more concentrated nitric acid is required. Nitric acid chemical economics handbook ceh ihs markit.
The industrial production of nitric acid by the ostwald process is. Process emissions from nitric acid manufacturing process emissions from nitric acid plants consist primarily of nitric oxide no, nitrogen dioxide no 2, and nitrogen oxide nox from the tail gas of the acid absorptioin tower, nitrous oxide n 2o, trace amounts of nitric acid. Ostwald process for producing nitric acid worldofchemicals. A process for the nitration of aromatic compounds using nitric acid 65% over zeolite beta has been applied to the synthesis of dinitro compounds catal. The acid from the absorption towers contains typically 5660% nitric acid by mass but can be manufactured up to ca 68% by mass. A short video clip illustrating the process of nitric acid production that can be viewed online by students or downloaded for showing in class. Nitric acid is the building block chemical for the production of many other chemical compounds. World nitric acid consumption has exhibited a steady upward trend since 2000, with average annual growth rates of 2. Wilhelm ostwald developed the process, and he patented it in 1902.
Increasing demand for adipic acid to formulate nylon resins and fibers for automotive interior manufacturing is identified as a key market driver. Nitric acid is produced industrially through a multistep reaction process known as ostwald process. Nitric acid is also used in organic oxidation to manufacture terephthalic acid. It is used in design phases as well as in plant operations for process. Approximately 65 plants in the united states produce nitric acid. Ammonia is the key raw material used for the manufacturing of nitric acid. The product is then oxidized with excess air to receive nitrogen dioxide, which is then absorbed in water to extract nitric acid in solution form. The benefits of haber process and manufacturing process of nitric acid far outweigh the hazards and therefore must be continued, however new research should be carried out to make the process as smooth, easy, economic and hazard free. It is used in manufacturing several types of polymers like polyamides and polyurethane. The global nitric acid market size was valued at usd 24. Design of an industrial process for the production of. Industrial manufacturing of nitric acid slideshare. Pdf nitric acid production engr sajid chaudhary academia.
Another use for nitric acid is in the oxidation process for the manufacture of adipic. Online chemistry tutorial iit, cbse chemistry, icse chemistry, engineering and medical chemistry entrance exams, chemistry viva, chemistry job interviews. Nitric acid is an inorganic chemical that is used in the manufacture of nitrogenbased fertilizers, adipic acid, and explosives. Flow diagram of typical nitric acid plant using singlepressure process. Process intensification in nitric acid plants by catalytic. Nitric acid is also used for metal etching and processing of ferrous metals. There are three types of sulphuric acid process, according to the condition of the calci. The largest market for nitric acid is the production of ammonium nitrate an and calcium ammonium nitrate can, accounting for almost 77% of the total world consumption of nitric acid. Technologiesnitric aciddual pressure processen ceamag.